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عمومی::
رویکرد مبتنی بر کل سیستم
The challenge remains how to integrate the retrofit opportunities outlined here into a whole-systems approach that can be undertaken incrementally but that also produces the reductions in CO2 emissions necessary to stabilize the climate.
Third is the more active engagement and expansion of the urban land- scape and its eco-services as part of the whole-systems approach, including most especially its role in promoting human health and well-being.
What is most promising is that this integrated whole-systems approach has been achieved at no net increase in cost to the developer or the residents.
With the renewed urgency in pursuing strategies of both mitigation and adaptation in addressing climate change, as Robert Yaro indicated, we have to rethink all the fundamental systems and processes of city building, opera- tion, and maintenance, including "'hard' infrastructure changes and 'soft' solutions."48 This means demanding a much more integrated, innovative, and whole-systems approach, bringing the jurisdictionally fragmented city plan- ning agencies, departments, and utilities together to come up with new solu- tions.
There is no legal reason why a city cannot designate a rede- velopment area where the city becomes the horizontal developer: developing the overall plan; specifying street types, block sizes, land use, density, public transit systems, parks, recreation, and public services; requiring all buildings to meet strict energy efficiency standards; and using its authority to work with utilities to create an integrated, whole-systems approach to energy, water, and waste that is 100 percent renewable.
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